Simulation-Based Validation of an Integrated 4D/5D Digital-Twin Framework for Predictive Construction Control

Imagine having a living, breathing video game version of your construction project that knows not only where every element will be built (3D), but also when (4D – schedule) and how much it will cost (5D – budget). This paper validates a framework where that digital twin continuously runs simulations to predict delays, clashes, or overruns before they happen, so managers can adjust plans proactively instead of reacting on-site after problems appear.